名詞家族

NOUN
名詞家族

1. Classification分類

2. Definition定義
   表示 ‘某人, 某事, 某物之名字’的單字, 片語,子句
   ex: John is tall.約翰個子很高。
   John Lin is tall.江林個子很高。
   That John Lin is tall is questionable.江林...真的很高嗎？（還是是因為額頭發亮，所以才...^_^）
   Function功能
   主詞, 受詞, 補語, 同位語
   ex: That the sun rises from the East is true.
   I believe that the sun rises from the East.
   What I believe is that the sun rises from the East.「日出東方（惟我不敗）」這件事，是我所深信不疑的！
   The Earth, the so-called blue planet, is round.地球，亦名藍色星球，是個圓形的行星。
3. Count noun可數名詞: 可以計算,並且容易被計算清楚的
   1. Singular單數 : 前面須放上表單數的 “限定詞”,如
      不定冠詞a, an定冠詞 the,指示形容詞 this, that不定數量詞each, every, one another, the other,人稱所格my ,his, her, its, your, our, their
   1. Plural複數:

   	SINGULAR單數形	PLURAL複數形
   直接+ -s	bird street rose	birds streets roses
   -sh/-ch /-ss/-x  -es	dish盤子 match火柴 class班級 box盒子	dishes matches classes boxes
   -母音+y 直接+ -s	day日子 toy玩具	days toys
   -子音+y 去y+ -ies	baby嬰兒 city城市	babies cities
   -f/-fe -去f/fe + -ves	knife刀子 shelf書櫃 leaf葉子 life生活 ourself我們自己 himself/ herself/ itself 他們自己	knives shelves leaves lives ourselves themselves
   	NOTE:例外：beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs, cilffs
   -o -os	zoo動物園 radio收音機 studio工作室 piano鋼琴 solo獨奏 photo照片 auto汽車 video錄影帶	zoos radios studios pianos solos photos autos videos
   -o -oes	tomato蕃茄 potato馬鈴薯 hero英雄 echo回聲	tomatoes potatoes heroes echoes
   -o -os or -oes	zero零 volcano火山 tornato龍捲風 mosquito蚊子	zeros or zeroes volcano or volcanoes tornato or tornadoes mosquito or mosquitoes
   改變母音字母	foot腳 tooth牙齒 goose鵝 mouse家鼠 man男性 woman女性 ————	feet teeth geese mice men women people
   	（NOTE: The singular form of people can be person, woman, man, child. For example: one man and one child = two people）
   -en	child幼兒 ox公牛	children oxen
   -on/-um -a/ -ia	medium傳播媒體 datum資料 bacterium細菌 phenomenon現象 criterion必備條件	media data bacteria phenomena criteria
   -us -i [1 ]	stimulus動機 cactus 仙人掌 alumnus校友 （alumna女校友）	simuli cacti alumni （alumnae）
   -sis -ses	analysis分析 crisis災難 oasis綠洲 thesis主題 parenthesis引號	analyses crises oases theses parentheses
   複合名詞 的複數	passer-by路人 editor-in-chief總編輯 son-in-law女婿	passers-by editors-in-chief sons-in-law
   單複數 同形	deer鹿 sheep綿羊 shrimp蝦類 fish魚類 fruit水果 offspring孩童；子孫 Japanese日本人 Chinese中國人 Vietnamese越南人 species（各種生物）物種	deer sheep shrimp fish fruit offspring Japanese Chinese Vietnames species
4. Noncount nouns不可數名詞
   這類名詞通常沒有固定的形狀，例如抽象名詞。
5. Special nouns特殊成員
   由兩部份組成的器具, 通常用複數型
   ex: scales（磅秤等的）刻度, gloves手套（除非某人是獨臂刀王）, scissors剪刀,stockings襪子, pants長褲, trousers長褲,glasses眼鏡,lenses隱形眼鏡
   下列名詞的複數型,另外含有引申意義（高中程度，認識就好）
   ex: arm手臂arms武器
   cloth布料clothes衣物
   content內容contents目次
   custom習俗customs海關
   good好的(形容詞)goods產品(名詞，永遠複數)
   horse馬匹horses騎兵
   manner態度manners禮儀
   sky天空skies天氣（＝ weatehr；climate指的是 “氣候”）
6. Quite a few nouns can be used both as a count and as a noncount noun: glass, hair, iron, light, paper, time, work, coffee, chicken, fish, experience 有某個族群的名詞，在日常生活當中時常見到，而兼具可數名詞與不可數名詞兩種身分。
   1. Windows are made of glass. I drank a glass of wine.
      Janet wears glasses when she reads.
   1. Rita has brown hair. There’s a white hair on my jacket.
   1. Iron is a metal. I pressed my shirt with an iron.
   1. I opened the curtain to let in some light.
      Please turn off the lights (lamps.)
   2. I need some paper to write a letter.
      I wrote a paper for Professor Lee. I bought a paper (a newspaper).
   1. How much time do you need to finsh this project?
      How many times have you been to Mexico?
   1. I have some work to do tonight.
      That paiting is no doubt a work of art.
   1. I had some coffee after dinner. Two coffees, please.
   1. I ate some chicken/ I ate some fish.
      She drew a profile of a chicken/ She drew a profile of a fish.
   1. I haven’t had much experience with computers. (I don’t have much knowledge or skill in using computers.)
      I had many spectacular experiences on my trip. (Many interesting events happened to me on my trip.)
7. mass noun (family, class, committee) （高中程度，學測沒有考過
   1. 集合名詞指 ‘整體’時, 此時為單數名詞, 後接單數動詞, 另有複數型;指 ‘成員’時, 此時為複數名詞, 後接複數動詞.以family為例：（何嘉仁美語曾教過這個字）
      ex: There are six men and two women in this family.這個家（庭）共有六男兩女。
      ex: There are many poor families suffering hunger.近年來，許多貧苦家庭正為飢餓所苦。
      ex: My family are from Scottland.我們 全家（人）由蘇格蘭移民來台灣。
      ex: The committee is about to have its first conference.委員會（指 ‘機構名稱’）即將舉行首次會議。
      The committee have their different suggesstions about the debate.對於這個議題， 委員們（指 ‘人’）各持不同的觀點。
      （寫翻譯題時，注意中文的語法，與英文的語法不同）
   1. Other mass nouns: MAIL信件 (letters, postcards, bills, etcetera)FRUIT 水果(apples, bananas, oranges, kiwis...)JEWELRY 珠寶(rings, braceles, necklaces...)
      clothing衣物, epuipment設備, money金錢, scenery風景, stuff物品, traffic交通
      WORK工作 (homework, housework, work)
      advice建議, information訊息
      history歷史, literature文學, music音樂, poetry詩歌
      grammar文法, slang俚語, vocabulary字彙
      Names of LANGUAGES語言類: Arabic阿拉伯文, Chinese中文, English英文, German德文, Indonesian印度文, Spanish西班牙文
      FOOD ITEMS食物類 corn玉米, flour麵粉, , pepper胡椒, rice稻米, salt鹽, sugar糖
      LIQUIDS液體類 coffee咖啡, milk牛奶, oil原油, soup湯, tea茶, water水
      SOLIDS & SEMI-SOLIDS固體與半固體類 bread麵包, butter奶油, cheese乳酪, ice冰, meat肉類, beef牛肉, chicken鷄肉, fish魚肉, , glass玻璃, gold金礦, iron鐵礦, soap肥皂, toothpaste牙膏, wood木材
      GASES氣體類 air空氣, gas瓦斯,pollution污染, smog煙霧, smoke煙, sulphur硫, carbon碳, nitrogen氮氣, oxygen氧氣
      THINGS THAT OCCUR IN NATURE自然現象 weather天氣, climate氣候, rain雨, snow雪, darkness黑暗, light光線, sunshine陽光, thuder雷, lightning閃電, storm暴風, cyclone颶風, twister龍捲風
8. 物質名詞, 表示 ‘材料, 元素, 現象’
   ex: metal金屬,paper紙張, plastic塑膠, rubber橡膠, cotton棉, oil原油,salt海鹽,rice稻米, flour小麥,air空氣, water水, gas瓦斯, steel鋼鐵, money金錢, sugar蔗糖,iron鐵,silver銀, gold金, oxygen氧氣, hydrogen氫氣, sulfur硫, carbon碳
   fire火, smoke煙, fug霧, smug煙霧, rain雨, wind風, storm暴風, twister龍捲風, thunder雷
   ex: Geologists have uncovered a great deal of gold in South Africa.地質學家們在南非共和國，挖掘到大量的金礦。
   
9. 抽象名詞, 表示 ‘情緒,概念, 學科,或制度’的名詞
   ex: beauty美貌, ugliness醜陋, pleasure愉悅, happyness快樂, sadness悲傷, anger憤怒, freedom自由, slavery奴役, success成功, failure失敗, wisdom智慧, honesty誠信, poverty貧困, modesty謙虛, kindness慈善之心, courage勇氣, experience經驗, fun樂趣, generosity度量, health健康, help幫助, ingnorance忽略, knowledge知識, luck運氣, patience耐性, progress進度, time時間, violence暴力
10. The modification of count nouns and noncount nouns可數名詞與不可數名詞的修飾
    下列表格中，陳列出修飾可數名詞與不可數名詞的形容詞單字與片語：
    

    	僅修飾可數複數	僅修飾不可數	修飾可數複數或不可數
    許 多	many, a good many of a great many of a certain number of a great number of a good number of many a （+N單+V單）	much, a good deal of a great deal of a certain amount of a great amount of a large amount of a large quantity of	plenty of a lot of lots of 表示 “一堆、一疊”： a heap of, heaps of a pile of, piles of a bundle of, bundles of a stack of, stacks of quantities of
    些 許	several a couple of a few	a little	some
    幾乎沒有	few	little

    
    
11. Noun Endings名詞字尾（背單字時，猜答案時滿好用的）
    1. Connected with a person表示 “人”
       -ian politician, musician, magician
       -ist scientist, pharmacist, archeologist
    2. People who do things從事特定工作的人
       -ee employee, refugee, votee, committee, trainee
       -er printer, producer, tester, filmmaker, voter, trainer
       -or visitor, advisor, educator, senetor, advisor, supervisor
       -eer engineer, volunteer
       -aire missionaire, questionaire, millionaire
    3. Connected with fields of study學科名稱
       -ogy biology生物學, geology地質學, archeology考古學,
       antropology人類學(= humanities)
       -ics politics政治學, electronics電子學, physics物理學,
       economics經濟學, arithmatics, statistics
       -tion administration管理階層, conversation對話, selection,
       conservation, vacation, registration
       -y chemistry化學, ministry
       -ce science自然科學, finance財政學, choice, advice
    4. Other noun endings
       -acy accuracy, privacy隱私, piracy
       -age village村落
       -ance appliance, guidance, reliance, maintainance
       -ence sentence 句子
       -ant applicant申請人
       -al crystal水晶, survival, arrival
       -dom freedom, wisdom
       -ful spoonful, mouthful
       -hood brotherhood, neighborhood, childhood
       -ium/ia medium傳播媒體, media, criteria
       -ing speaking, writing寫作, reading閱讀
       -ion criterion條件, mission人物, decision抉擇, admission,
       -ium/ism marxium, socialism
       -ty treaty（國際間的）條約, poverty貧苦, almighty
       -ment monument, advertisement平面廣告, achievement成就
       -ness flawlessness完美無暇的事物, business生意, richness富裕, happiness, sadness
       -ry/ary/ery bakery烘培坊, millitary軍隊, treasury金庫, jewlery
       -ship friendship友誼, relationship關係, leadership領導
       -ive detective探長, relative親屬, alternative,
       -ie cutie可愛的人, sweetie
    NOUN PHRASE名詞片語

1. the difinition of “phrase”: 兩個以上的單字,集合在一起,形成一個獨立的語文單位。

11. Noun phrase: a phrase used as a noun.一個片語，把它當作名詞使用。
12. Classification: 類別
    i) a/an/ the/ this/ that/ +Adj. + Noun.（這一種名詞片語最容易辨認）
    ex: a white house, this tragic story, a six-year-old boy,
    that far-way countryside
    ii) to+ V_R (+ O.)/ V-ing (+ O.) / ex: To know is one thing, to do is another.「知易行難。」
    Seeting her is loving her.她真是人見人愛啊！
    
    
    To be a teacher takes time, to be a good teacher takes even
    more time.成為一個老師不容易，而成為一位名師需要更長的
    養成期。
    iii) noun + prep. Phr. + prep. Phr. +….（破解方式  由後面會頭翻譯到前面）
    ex: the newspaper on the table on the carpet in the living room of my house in Taipei City…（首先，將它分解開來） the newspaper on the table on the carpet in the living room of my house in Taipei City…
    （接著，直接照翻） 我 位在台北市的 房子裡的客廳地板上的地毯上的茶几的那一份報紙
     （翻譯好之後，將句子潤飾一番，使其符合中文的語法）
    我在台北市買了一棟房子，房子裡有間客廳，客廳的地板上撲了一片地毯，地毯上放了ㄧ張茶几，而茶几上擺了一份報紙 。
    iv) Wh-/ How + to V_R (此類名詞片語, 乃是由名詞子句簡化而來)
    ex: We don’t know where we should go.前後都有 ‘we’, 省略從屬子句中的 ‘we’We don’t know where should go.畫線部分不成句子, 將‘should’剃除
    We don’t know where go.我們感到無所適從
    ’where…’之後的部分, 須改為動狀詞; to V_R , V-ing, Vpp, 之中, 洽有to V_R 可用來表示 ‘尚未發生’
    We don’t know where to go.
    ex:　New people usually don’t know what to do in the beginning.新進人員常常在剛進公司時，不曉得從何著手。
13. NOUN CLAUSE名詞子句（第五冊的文法重點）

1. Clause子句: 一個句子, 當作詞類使用：
   （僅有名詞、形容詞、副詞三種子句）
   ’連接字’ + 句子

不同的子句, 搭配不同的 ‘連接字’; 搭配adj. Clase 的叫做 ‘關係代名詞’relative pronoun,搭配adv. Clause的叫做 ‘從屬連接詞’subordinate conjunction,搭配noun clase 的,也叫做 ‘從屬連接詞’subordinate conjunction ex: Because it was raining outdoor,... ex: Since you dream of her every night,... ex: ..., for the cost for inporting raw materials is rising. ex: ..., so every student got an A+ from the final exam.
14. Noun clause:一個句子,用作名詞使用
    連接詞+ 句子
15. Wh-/How- + S. + V.ex: How the Earth was formed is still mysterious.
    We don’t know when our teacher left school.When numbers were created is still a secret.How the antient Egypt vanished is still a mystery.
    I can’t understand what the poem implies.
    Tell me how you will deal with this tricy matter.
    
    If (是否)/ Whether + S. + V. (用在 “不確定”的場合)ex: Whether he is coming here is unknown.If I should go with her is a tough decision
    The police didn’t comment on whether anyone has
    been arrested.
    She doesn’t know whether her daughter is dead or
    alive.
    I still don’t kown whether or not he is planning to
    come.
    There was a debate over if we should send
    the troops.
    NOTE: Use whether, not if, when:在特定的情況知下，之能用whether
    before an infinitiveShe can’t decide whether to marry him.after a preposition
    There are still doubts about whether the system is
    safe.immediately before or not
    The question is whether or not the government has
    the right to interfere.when or appears later in the sentenceIt is not clear whether/ if the information was stolen or deliberately leaked to the public.That+ S.+ V. (That 不譯出, 純做文法用途, 表 ‘事實’)ex: That the earth is round is true.That the sun rises from the East is true.
    My suggestion is that you should apologize to your
    parents.
    Research indicates that men are easier to quit
    smoking than do women.
    Dawkins believes that his sister was murdered.
    
16. 在考試的時候，如何辨認出名詞子句？
    1. 先從名詞子句判斷起。如果將子句遮起來後,句子不完整,就是名詞子句。
       ex: Whether Jane loves me is still unknown.
       Whether Jane loves me is still unknown.
       (缺少主詞)
       ex: Which candidate will win the election is still a secret.
       ex: Whether Harry Potter likes Ron or not is truly interesting to me.
       ex: If she is coming is not yet sure.
       ex: That many young ladies dream of working as a flight attendant has become one reason there are more and more aviation shools in northern Taiwan.年輕女孩們期望成為空服員的夢想，已成了北部航空補習班四處林立的原因之ㄧ。
       
    2. 如果將子句遮起來後,句子完整,接著判斷是否為形容詞子句。形容詞子句前,必定有名詞 ‘先行詞’
       ex:The school where I study English is in Hsin Zhu.
    1. 如果沒有先行詞,那就是副詞子句。
       ex:When he comes here tomorrow, he will see this memo.
17. NOTE: 「扮演及物動詞的受詞」之名詞子句
    與「表示時間、表示條件」之副詞子句的分辨：
    ex: Tell me when our flight will take off. 請告訴我班機何時起飛。
    Tell me when your flight takes off. 班機起飛時請告訴我一聲。
    第一句為名詞子句，因此仍用「未來式」陳述未來發生的事情；
    第二句為「表示時間」的副詞子句，因而必須用「現在簡單式」陳述
    未來發生的事情。此外，第一句與第二句的中文意思不相同。
    
    ex: I still wonder if he is going to show up.（）
    I still wonder if he showes up.（）
     I still wonder what will happen if he showes up.
    第一句為名詞子句，因此仍用「未來式」陳述未來發生的事情；
    第二句為「表示條件」的副詞子句，因而必須用「現在簡單式」陳述
    未來發生的事情。此外，第二句的 “wonder”為及物動詞，須補上受詞。